Ireland
Photograph by JamesGallagher (ciotog)on Flickr.
One notable exception to this is Association ireland football, although both associations continued to field international teams under Ireland the name Ireland until the 1950s. Over the past 1000 years or so, Vikings, Normans, Scots and English have all added to the indigenous population. Ireland s largest religious group is Christianity.
Over 3,600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict. In 1969, the paramilitary Ireland Provisional IRA, which favoured the creation of a united Ireland, emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army and began a campaign against what it called the British occupation of the six counties . Other groups, on both the unionist side and the nationalist side, participated in violence and Ireland a period known as the Troubles began.
An all-Ireland club competition for soccer, the Setanta Cup, was created in 2005. The 1998 Belfast Agreement provides for political co-operation between the two jurisdictions. Sea-levels were lower and Ireland, as with its neighbour Britain, were a part of continental Europe rather Ireland than being islands.
He wanted to re-exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Finds, such as Clonycavan Man, given as evidence for this view. The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco-Roman geographers.
This has in part been facilitated by the two jurisdictions shared membership of the European Union. However, both the IFA and FAI continued to select their teams from the whole of Ireland, with some players earning international caps for matches with both teams.
Both also referred to their respective teams as Ireland. In 1950, FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and, in 1953, directed that the FAI s team be known only as Republic of Ireland and that the IFA s team be known as Northern Ireland (with certain exceptions). It was most popular, especially in its first decades, around Belfast and in Ulster.
EirGrid is building a HVDC transmission line between Ireland and Britain with a capacity of 500 MW, about 10% of Ireland s peak demand. Similar to electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking Gormanston, County Meath, and Ballyclare, County Antrim. He had mathematician John Nash as one of his students. Ireland as eight universities and numerous Institutes of Technologies as well as the The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, which was established in 1940 with physicist Erwin Schrödinger as directory. Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, and represents 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%.
Over time, the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated with further disaffection fueled by practices such as gerrymandering and discrimination in housing and employment. The County Mayo field is facing some localized opposition over a controversial decision to refine the gas onshore. There have been recent efforts in Ireland to use renewable energy such as wind power.
Some historians estimate that as much as half of the pre-war population of Ireland may have died as a result of the conflict. The religious struggles of the seventeenth century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland. Unionists, especially those located in the northern part of the island, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they felt would be dominated by Catholic interests. The failed Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group and the British response, executing the leaders of the Rising one by one over seven weeks, changed the national mood towards Home Rule.
Sea angling is developed with many beaches mapped and signposted, and in recent times the range of sea angling species has increased. Galway (Galway City) · Leitrim · Mayo · Roscommon · Sligo Clare · Cork (Cork City) · Kerry · Limerick (Limerick City) · Tipperary (North Tipperary • South Tipperary) · Waterford (Waterford City) Carlow · Dublin (Dublin City • Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown • Fingal • South Dublin) · Kildare · Kilkenny · Laois · Longford · Louth · Meath · Offaly · Westmeath · Wexford · Wicklow Antrim†· Armagh†· Cavan · Fermanagh†· Derry or Londonderry†· Donegal · Down†· Monaghan · Tyrone†Ireland · United Kingdom (England · Northern Ireland · Scotland · Wales) . Three major political parties, Sinn Féin, the Irish Green Party and, most recently, Fianna Fáil, are organised on an all-island basis.
Either of the two most recent proposals, at 80 km (50 mi), would be by far the longest tunnel in the world and would cost an estimated €20bn. The railway network in Ireland was developed by various private companies during the 19th century, with some receiving government funding in the late 19th century. About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland.
Joyce s 1922 novel Ulysses is considered one of the most important works of Modernist literature and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as Bloomsday . The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities, some of whom consider the wind turbines to be unsightly.
The bull facilitated Henry to take Ireland in order to overhaul the financial and administrative reorganisation of the Irish Church along Roman lines. Under the emerging penal laws, recusant Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various and sundry civil rights even to the ownership of hereditary property.
With Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation. George Johnstone Stoney introduced the term electron in 1891. Many of these are migratory, including the Barn Swallow.
In 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Both networks were designed and constructed independently post partition.
There are also several smaller regional airports: George Best Belfast City Airport, City of Derry Airport, Galway Airport, Kerry Airport (Farranfore), Sligo Airport (Strandhill), Waterford Airport and Donegal Airport (Carrickfinn). Thick woodlands covered the island until the 1600s.
In 1992, Michael Carruth won a gold medal for boxing in the Barcelona Olympic Games and in 2008 Kenny Egan won a silver medal for boxing in the Olympic Games in Beijing. Golf is very popular and golf tourism is a major industry. Current services includes suburban routes to Larne, Newry and Bangor, as well as services to Derry.
Ireland also hosted games during the 1991 and the 1999 Rugby World Cups (including a quarter-final). The island fields a single international team in most sports, for example, and March 17 is celebrated throughout Ireland as the traditional Irish holiday of St.
Coarse fishing continues to increase its profile. Ptolemy in his Almagest refers to Ireland as Mikra Brettania (Lesser Britain), in contrast to the larger island, which he called Megale Brettania (Great Britain).
Some have been converted into hotels, such as Ashford Castle, Castle Leslie and Dromoland Castle. Giant s Causeway County Antrim Skellig Michael County Kerry Brú na Bóinne County Meath Because Ireland was isolated from mainland Europe by rising sea levels after the ice age, it has less diverse animal and plant species than either Great Britain or mainland Europe. Earlier theories were that they migrated from central Europe.
Some species, such as the red fox, hedgehog and badger, are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. Father Nicholas Joseph Callan, Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College, is best known for his invention of the induction coil, transformer and the discovered an early method of galvanisation in the 19th century. Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton, winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1172, the new pope, Alexander III, further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome. This control was further consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the seventeenth century, which witnessed English and Scottish colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War.
Other cities are: Kilkenny (pop. 19th century physicist, John Tyndall, discovered the Tyndall effect, which explains why the sky is blue.
In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries, Ireland has thirty-two traditional counties. However, as a result of changes over recent years they are now connected with three interlinks and also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe.
Twenty-six of the counties are in the Republic of Ireland and six counties are in Northern Ireland. However, English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as The Pale and under the provisions of Poynings Law of 1494, the Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the English Parliament. English rule of law was reinforced and expanded, however, in the sixteenth century leading to the Tudor reconquest of Ireland.
Northern Ireland remained a part of the United Kingdom and saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s. The phenomenon became known as the Celtic Tiger.
and 38% of those over 15 years are classified as Irish speakers . Jonathan Swift, still often called the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day for works such as Gulliver s Travels and A Modest Proposal.
This ecosystem stretches across the countryside and act as a network of connections to preserve remnants of the ecosystem that once covered the island. One, James Joseph Magennis, receiving the Victoria Cross for valour. Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war, in decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter-communal violence.
Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. The Bronze Age – defined by the use of metal – began around 2,500 BC with technology changing people s everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel, harnessing oxen, weaving textiles, brewing alcohol, and skillful metalworking, producing new weapons and tools, and fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as brooches and torcs. The Iron Age in Ireland is traditionally associated with people known as the Celts.
The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along sectarian lines, meaning that the Government of Northern Ireland (elected by first past the post from 1929) was controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party. Under the constitution of the Republic of Ireland, both languages have official status with Irish being the national and first official language.
Today, it is the most deforested area in Europe. Temperatures fell as low as -13°C (9°F) in some parts and up to a metre (3 feet) of snow in mountainous areas. The island consists of varied geological provinces.
The world s largest car ferry, the MV Ulysses, is operated by Irish Ferries on the Dublin–Holyhead route. A devastating famine in the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to emigrate in its immediate wake.
As such, Ulster is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland, although the two are not coterminous. In the Republic of Ireland, counties form the basis of the system of local government. It was not, however, until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be a republic. The state was a neutral during World War II but offered clandestine assistance to the Allies, particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland.
The national theatre is the Abbey Theatre founded in 1904. With a few notable exceptions, this island is the main organisational unit for major religious, cultural and sporting organizations.
Subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy, which supported agricultural practices that preserved hedgerow environments, are undergoing reforms. Forest covers about 10% of the country, with most designated for commercial production. Most of Ireland was covered with ice until the end of the last ice age over 9,000 years ago. Since the 17th century plantations, religion been the focus of identity and divisions on the island also.
George s father had opposed the earlier Prime Minister s, Pitt the Younger, plan to introduce such a bill following the Union in 1801 fearing Catholic Emancipation to be in conflict with the Act of Settlement 1701. A subsequent campaign led by O Connell for the repeal of the Act of Union failed. During that time, Ulster (1999 The Ireland cricket team was among the associate nations that qualified for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
The headquarters of the GAA (and the main stadium) is located at the 82,500 All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs, receiving no wages, although they are permitted to receive a limited amount of sport-related income from commercial sponsorship. The Irish Football Association (IFA) was originally the governing body for soccer across the island. The temperate Irish climate is suited to sport angling.
The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted. Despite being neutral, approximately 50,000 volunteers from independent Ireland joined the British forces during the war, four being awarded the Victoria Crosses. Ireland also had links to German Intelligence.
A new light rail system, the Luas, opened in 2004 and transports passengers to the central and western suburbs. The island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs.
Dublin, with 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area, is the largest city on the island. Under the Irish government s Transport 21 plan, the Cork to Midleton rail link was reopened in 2009.
The pioneers of this sub-genre were Cruachan, Primordial, and Waylander. The network reached its greatest extent by 1920.
If real it granted King Henry II dominion over Ireland in the name of the papacy. It defeated Pakistan and finished second in its pool, earning a place in the Super 8 stage of the competition.
The two jurisdictions share a transport, telecommunications, energy and water systems. 22,179), while strictly no longer a city, is entitled by law to describe itself as such.
The ESB s Turlough Hill facility is the only power-storage facility in the state. People have lived in Ireland for at least 9,000 years, although little is known about the palaeolithic and neolithic inhabitants of the island. Gaelic games are governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the exception of ladies Gaelic football and camogie (women s variant of hurling), which are governed by separate organisations.
Hedgerows however, traditionally used for maintaining and demarcating land boundaries, act as a refuge for native wild flora. Later in the century, Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or Home Rule .
Only 26 land mammal species are native to Ireland. The pattern of immigration over this period particularly devastated the western and southern sea-boards.
Counties in Northern Ireland are no longer used for local governmental purposes, City status in Ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter. Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals in 1958 (reaching the quarter-finals), 1982 and 1986.
However, agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland, limiting natural habitat preserves, particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and a the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes.
In 1921, following an incident in which, despite an earlier promise, the IFA moved an Irish Cup semi-final replay from Dublin to Belfast Dublin-based clubs broke away to form the Football Association of the Irish Free State. The Republic of Ireland experienced unprecedented economic growth from the mid-1990s until the financial crisis of 2008 to 2009. Irish culture has had a significant influence on culture world-wide, particularly in the fields of literature and, to a lesser degree, science and learning.
When Henry s successor died unexpectedly in 1199, John inherited the crown of England and the Lord of Ireland and the King of England became one person. Over the century that followed, Norman feudal law gradually replaced the native brehon law so that by the late 13th century the Norman-Irish had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland. In 1800, the British and Irish parliaments passed the Act of Union which, effective as of January 1st 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Coordinates: 53°N 7°W / 53°N 07°W / 53; -07 Ireland (pronounced It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. The Irish rugby team have played in every Rugby World Cup, making the quarter-finals in four of them.
The North-South Ministerial Council, established under the agreement, is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive can formulate all-island policies in twelve areas of co-operation such as agriculture, the environment and transport. Thus, Ireland became part of an extended United Kingdom, ruled directly by the parliament at Westminster in London.
Conscription was not extended to Northern Ireland and roughly an equal number volunteered from Northern Ireland as volunteered from the south. Others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. A Norman invasion in the Middle Ages gave way to English domination by the 1500s.
There is significant Irish interest in the English and, to a lesser extent, Scottish soccer leagues. Unlike soccer, Ireland continues to field a single national rugby team and a single association, the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), governs the sport across the island. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong indigenous tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as John Butler Yeats, William Orpen, Jack Yeats and Louis le Brocquy. The Irish traditional music and dance is known worldwide, Before long, groups and musicians including Horslips, Van Morrison, and Thin Lizzy were incorporating elements of traditional music into a contemporary rock music.
Medieval Irish literature portrays an almost unbroken sequence of High Kings stretching back thousands of years but modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political groupings by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past. While salmon and trout fishing remain popular with anglers, salmon fishing in particular received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon driftnet fishery.
For example: Codium fragile ssp. Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 °C (32 °F) at inland weather stations, compared to 10 days at coastal stations.
Several towns have larger populations than some of these cities but are not recognised as cities because they lack historic charters or legal status. Despite the political partition, the island of Ireland continues to act as a single entity in a number of areas that transcend governmental agencies. However, Ireland did have a unifying rule of law: the early written judicial system, the Brehon Laws, administered by a professional class of jurists known as the brehons. The Chronicle of Ireland records that in 431 AD Bishop Palladius arrived in Ireland on a mission from Pope Celestine I to minister to the Irish already believing in Christ. The same chronicle records that Saint Patrick, Ireland s best known patron saint, arrived the following year.
However, the British government still retained the right to nominate the government of Ireland above the consent of the Irish parliament. In 1798, members of the Protestant Dissenter tradition (mainly Presbyterian) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the Society of United Irishmen with the aim of creating an independent Ireland. Soccer is the most popular sport involving national teams. Many other sports are also played and followed, including basketball, boxing, cricket, fishing, golf, greyhound racing, handball, hockey, horse racing, motor sport, show jumping and tennis. Hurling and Gaelic football, handball and rounders make up the national sports of Ireland, collectively known as Gaelic games.
To the east of Ireland is the island of Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists.
Henry successfully re-imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro-Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 Treaty of Windsor. The invasion was legitimised by the provisions of Laudabiliter, a Papal bull, purportedly issued by Adrian IV in 1155 (co-incidentally, the only Englishman to have been elected Pope). Although not a Nobel Prize winner, James Joyce is widely considered one of the most significant writers of the 20th century.
In 1997 a British engineering firm, Symonds, proposed a rail tunnel from Dublin to Holyhead. Phytogeographically, Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.
Irish losses during the Wars of the three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the Irish Confederacy and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland) are estimated to include 20,000 battlefield casualties. Patrick s Day.
Steering the Act through the Westminster parliament, aided by future prime minister Robert Peel, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the bill and proclaim it into law. Greyhound stadiums are well-attended and there are frequent horse race meetings.
However, they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes, for example post and by the Ordnance Survey Ireland. Gillian O Sullivan won silver in the 20k walk at the 2003 World Championships, while sprint hurdler Derval O Rourke won gold at the 2006 World Indoor Championship in Moscow.
The Northern Ireland government was forced to request the British Army to aid the police, who were exhausted after several nights of serious rioting. In his later work, Geography, Ptolemy refers to Ireland as Iwernia and to Great Britain as Albion.
The Irish government provided significant relief and contained the damage as much as possible. Six of these policy areas have associated all-island implementation bodies .
The regions of north County Galway and east County Mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island, with lightening occurring approximately five to ten days per year in these areas. In response, the Irish parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1367.
After the passing of The Test Act 1673 and with the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of William and Mary over the Jacobites, Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestant Dissenters were barred sitting as members in the Irish Parliament. The invasion, which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion, was at the invitation of Dermot Mac Murrough, king of Leinster. In 1166, Mac Morrough had fled to France following a war involving Tiernan O Rourke, king of Breifne, and sought the assistance of the the Angevin king, Henry II, in recapturing his kingdom.
Nationalists, mainly Roman Catholic, wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom, whereas unionists, mainly Protestant, wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom. This is a result of the moderating moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the South-Western Atlantic. Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east.
Patrick’s Day parade in Dublin to the decline in authority of the Catholic Church. Northern Ireland was created as a division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and until 1972 it was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister. John Lighton Synge made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity.
The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. It is predicted that the Arklow wind farm will generate 10% of Ireland s power needs when it is complete.
These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas, as well as sometimes snow and hail. A strong indigenous culture exists, as expressed for example through native sports and the Irish language, alongside international culture such as comtemporary music and drama, multi-ethnic food, and international sports such as rugby and golf. Ireland is occupied by two political entities: Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into four provinces: Connacht (west), Leinster (east), Munster (south), and Ulster (north).
Since the later nineteenth century, English has become the predominant first language having been a spoken language in Ireland since the Middle Ages. A large minority claim some ability to use Irish today, although it is the first language only of a small percentage of the population. A version of Magna Carta (the Great Charter of Ireland), substituting Dublin for London and Irish Church for Church of England, was published in 1216 and the Parliament of Ireland was founded in 1297. However, from the mid-fourteenth century, after of the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline.
Both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland entered recession in 2008 due to the 2008–2010 Irish financial crisis. Ireland has five main international airports: Dublin Airport, Belfast International Airport (Aldergrove), Cork Airport, Shannon Airport and Ireland West Airport (Knock). It was led by Richard de Clare, called Strongbow due to his prowess as an archer.
Twenty-six mammal species are native to Ireland, with some, such as the red fox, hedgehog and badger, being very common. There are also many shipwrecks along the coast of Ireland, with some of the best wreck dives being in Malin Head and off the County Cork coast. With thousands of lakes, over 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) of fish bearing rivers and over 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) of coastline, Ireland is a popular angling destination.
There is continued debate over the missions of Palladius and Patrick but consensus that they both took place The arts of manuscript illumination, metalworking and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the Book of Kells, ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses that still dot the island today. From the 9th century, waves of Viking raiders plundered Irish monasteries and towns. Calls for the creation of an all-island economy have been made from members of the business community and policymakers so as to benefit from economies of scale and boost competitiveness. A ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island.
Distance and speed limit signs in Northern Ireland use imperial units in common with the rest of United Kingdom. For much of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate. Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994.
Airlines based in Ireland include Aer Lingus (the former national airline of the Republic of Ireland), Ryanair, Aer Arann and CityJet. Ireland has ports in major ports in Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Rosslare, Derry and Waterford. At the Céide Fields, preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present-day County Mayo, is an extensive field system, arguably the oldest in the world, dating from not long after this period.
There is some controversy over the bulls authenticity. The DART is run by Iarnród Éireann and the Luas is run by Veolia under franchise from the Railway Procurement Agency.
In the 1700s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Roman Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters. Additionally, Ireland has one of the largest dedicated freight railways in Europe, operated by Bord na Móna totalling nearly 1,400 kilometres (870 mi). In Dublin, two local rail networks provide transport in the city and its immediate vicinity.
In broad terms, Ireland is regarded as one of the Celtic nations of Europe, which also includes Scotland, Wales and Brittany. A war of independence in the early 20th century led to the partition of the island, creating the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades.
Today, Ulster and Leinster, and in particular Dublin, have a far greater population density than Munster and Connacht. With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland has become a place of immigration instead. Robert Boyle was an 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and early gentleman scientist.
These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the fall of Rome earning Ireland the sobriquet, the island of saints and scholars . In more recent years, the Irish pubs, famous for the conviviality, have become outposts of Irish culture worldwide. There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Mesolithic stone age inhabitants arrived some time after 8,000 BC and agriculture followed with the Neolithic Age around 4,500 to 4,000 BC when sheep, goats, cattle and cereals were imported from the Iberian peninsula.
Ireland reached the quarter-finals of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. Greyhound racing and horse racing are both popular in Ireland. Oscar Wilde is known for most for his often quoted witticisms. In the 20th century, Ireland has produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney.
In recent decades, with the increase in immigration, many more languages have been introduced, particularly deriving from Asia and Eastern Europe. Ireland s culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient immigration and influences (such as Gaelic culture) and more recent Anglicisation and Americanisation as well participation in a broader European culture. The island itself can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests. The long history of agricultural production, coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use, has placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland.
The team also competed in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 after jointly winning the qualifiers, where they also made the Super 8 stage. The Irish rugby league team is made up predominantly of players based in England with Irish-family connections, with others drawn from the local competition and Australia. He was elected as member of parliament for Ennis in a surprise result despite being unable to take his seat as a Roman Catholic.
Scheduled services from these regional points are in the main limited to flights traveling to other parts of Ireland and to Britain. For example, food safety is managed by the Food Safety Promotion Board and Tourism Ireland markets the island as a whole.
The Republic qualified for the World Cup finals in 1990 (reaching the quarter-finals), 1994, 2002 and the European Championships in 1988. A near complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the seventeenth century following the Nine Years War and the Flight of the Earls.
In turn, Henry accepted the title of Dominus Hiberniae (Lord of Ireland) which Henry granted to his younger son, John Lackland, in 1185. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution.
in Belfast being Ireland s oldest club. The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the County Kildare. Irish athletics has seen some development in recent times, with Sonia O Sullivan winning two notable medals at 5,000 metres; gold at the 1995 World Championships and silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
The Gaels, the last wave of Celts, were said to have divided the island into five or more kingdoms after conquering it. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, an Anglo-Irish explorer, was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like U2, Enya, Dropkick Murphys, Flogging Molly, Moya Brennan, The Saw Doctors, Bell X1, Damien Rice, The Corrs, Aslan, Sinéad O Connor, Clannad, The Cranberries, Rory Gallagher, Westlife, The Script, The Coronas, B*witched, BoyZone, Gilbert O Sullivan, Black 47, Stiff Little Fingers, My Bloody Valentine, Ash, The Thrills, Something Happens, A House, Sharon Shannon, Damien Dempsey, Declan O Rourke, The Frames and The Pogues. During the 1990s, a sub-genre of folk metal emerged in Ireland that fused heavy metal music with Irish and Celtic music. In the far west, around County Galway and County Donegal, is a medium to high grade metamorphic and igneous complex of Caledonide affinity, similar to the Scottish Highlands.
Extinct species include the great Irish elk, the Irish wolf and the great auk. However, some clubs based outside Belfast felt that the IFA largely favoured Ulster-based, Protestant clubs in such matters as selection for the national team.
The Republic of Ireland is also hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms. 200,000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war related famine, displacement, guerilla activity and pestilence over the duration of the war.
What will be the world s largest offshore wind farm is currently being developed at the Arklow Bank Wind Park off the coast of County Wicklow. The population soared in the latter part of this century and the architectural legacy of Georgian Ireland was built.
Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland. The west coast of Ireland, Lahinch and Donegal Bay in particular, have popular surfing beaches, being fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. Dublin Bus specifically serves the greater Dublin area and Metro operates services within the greater Belfast area. Signposts and speed limits in the Republic of Ireland are shown in kilometres per hour, with speed limits having changed in 2005.
Early historical and genealogical records note the existence of dozens of different peoples that may or may not be mythological, for example the Cruithne, Attacotti, Conmaicne, Eóganachta, Érainn, and Soghain, to name but a few. In Northern Ireland, English is the de facto official language but official recognition is afforded to both Irish and Ulster-Scots, which is also spoken by a number south of the border.
Some previously extinct birds, such as the Golden Eagle, have recently been reintroduced after decades of extirpation. Until medieval times, Ireland was heavily forested with oak, pine and birch. However, by the end of the 15th century central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared and a renewed Irish culture and language, albeit with Norman influences, was dominant again.
However, only the former two of these has contested elections and hold legislative seats in both jurisdictions. Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and pound sterling), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-island basis. The Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) links the city centre with coastal suburbs.
Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently in 1995, 2003 and 2006. The pro-independence party, Sinn Féin, received overwhelming endorsement in the General Election of 1918 and in 1919 declared its own parliament and government.
O Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign which was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish born soldier and statesman, the Duke of Wellington. Today the southern association is known as the Football Association of Ireland (FAI).
Genetic research in 2004 suggests they came to the island by traveling over generations along the Atlantic coast from Spain. The national Irish-language theatre is An Taibhdhearc, established in 1928 in Galway. Irish graphic art and sculpture begins with Neolithic carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artefacts and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period.
Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century. A broad gauge of 1,600mm (5 ft 3in) Long distance passenger trains in the Republic of Ireland are managed by Iarnród Éireann and connect most major towns and cities.
The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying Northern Ireland Electricity (NIE) with enough power. Counties Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Tipperary have been broken up into smaller administrative areas.
Smaller ports exist in Arklow, Ballina, Drogheda, Dundalk, Dún Laoghaire, Foynes, Galway, Larne, Limerick, New Ross, Sligo, Warrenpoint and Wicklow. Most of Ireland s bird species come from Iceland, Greenland and Africa. Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs and a variety of coastal habitats.
The Hiberno-Scottish missions, begun by the Irish monk Saint Columba, spread the Irish concept of Christianity to pagan England and the Frankish Empire. Ports in the Republic handle 3.6 million travellers crossing the sea between Ireland and Britain each year.
In Northern Ireland, English is the dominant state language while Irish and Ulster Scots are recognised minority languages. For an island with a relatively small population, Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches, mainly in English. In that year, the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland and began withdrawing troops. Ireland, both north and south, was in the main an underdeveloped economy and large-scale economic emigration troubled the island until the 1980s. The Republic of Ireland joined the euro in 1999, while Northern Ireland remained with the pound sterling.
In recent years, Bundoran has hosted European championship surfing. The highest of these is Carrauntoohil (Irish: Corrán Tuathail) in County Kerry, which rises to 1,038 m (3,406 ft) above sea level. The island s lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle.
Today, the main bus companies are Bus Éireann in the Republic and Ulsterbus in Northern Ireland, both of which offer extensive passenger service in all parts of the island. In common with the rest of Europe, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during the winter of 2009-2010.
Munster, in the south, records the least snow whereas Ulster, in the north, records the most. Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. through writers such as John McGahern and poets such as Seamus Heaney. There is a thriving performance arts culture throughout the country, performing international as well as Irish plays.
A further 16,000 were tried and sent to slavery in the West Indies. In Northern Ireland, all rail services are provided by Northern Ireland Railways.
The unique combination of Ireland s cultural influences is visible most readily in the intricate designs termed Irish interlace or Celtic knotwork. Aquatic wildlife, such as species of turtle, shark, whale, and dolphin, are common off the coast.
Further south, along the County Wexford coastline, is an area of granite intrusives into more Ordovician and Silurian rocks, like that found in Wales. This defined the Irish state as the Lordship of Ireland, a feudal possession of the Papacy under the overlordship of the Lord of Ireland.
These new names were likely to have been the native names for the islands at the time. This resulted in the famine in 1740.
The style is still is popular today in jewelry and graphic art, as is the distinctive style of traditional Irish music and dance, and has become indicative of modern Celtic culture in general. Religion has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times. Wheat and barley were the principal crops.
There are four professional Irish teams, all four play in the Magners League and three compete for the Heineken Cup. Despite assistance from France the rebellion was put down by British and Irish government and yeomanry forces.
The Republic of Ireland covers five-sixths of the island. With no top predator in Ireland, populations of animals, such as semi-wild deer, that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual culling. Famously, there are no snakes in Ireland and only one reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island.
Ireland won in 1970 with Dana, 1980 and 1987 with Johnny Logan, 1992 with Linda Martin, 1993 with Niamh Kavanagh, 1994 with Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan and in 1996 with Eimear Quinn. The Irish philosopher and theologian Johannes Scotus Eriugena was considered one of the leading intellectuals of his early Middle Ages. There is an extensive road network and a developing motorway network fanning out from Dublin and Belfast in particular.
In the Republic of Ireland, the ESB has failed to modernise its power stations and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe. Olive Loughnane won a silver medal in the 20k walk in the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009. Boxing is governed by the Irish Amateur Boxing Association.
This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition.
These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law. Some contemporary music groups stick closer to a traditional sound, including Altan, Téada, Danú, Dervish, Lúnasa, and Solas.
In 1973, both parts of Ireland joined the European Community. Most recently, in 2004, the Institution of Engineers of Ireland proposed the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard.
This church levy, was called Peter s Pence, is still extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation. British authorities attempted to extinguish this challenge, sparking a guerilla war from 1919 to July 1921, ending in a truce. During its first decade, the newly-formed Irish Free State state was governed by the victors of the civil war.
Significant stratiform lead-zinc mineralization is found in the limestones around Silvermines and Tynagh. Hydrocarbon exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the Kinsale Head gas field off Cork in the mid-1970s. There are three World Heritage Sites on the island: the Brú na Boinne, Skellig Michael and the Giant s Causeway. Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Bunratty Castle, the Rock of Cashel, the Cliffs of Moher, Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle. Dublin is the most heavily touristed region Stately homes, built during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in Palladian, Neoclassical and neo-Gothic styles, such as, Castle Ward, Castletown House, Bantry House, are also of interest to tourists. Ireland s pre-Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the 5th century.
Over the following century, a population haemorrhage reduced the population by over half, at a time when the general trend in European countries was for populations to rise by an average of three-fold. Emigration from Ireland over this period contributed to the populations of England, the United States, Canada and Australia where today a large Irish diaspora live. In the aftermath of the famine, an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms.
This subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1782, Poynings Law was repealed giving Ireland virtual legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since the Norman invasion.
Scuba diving is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life, particularly along the western seaboard. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth was influential in the development of neo-classical economics, including the Edgeworth box.
Irish is the main language to have originated from within the island. An estimated 400,000 people (about a quarter of the population) died from the ensuing pestilence and disease.
A Viceregal administration was established and under the government appointed the Chief Secretary at Dublin Castle. The Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it. Additional regressive punitive legislation followed 1703, 1709 and 1728.
and the Corrib Gas Field off the coast of County Mayo has yet to come on-line. Normal settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies, manors, towns and the seeds of the modern-day county system.
The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. John Stewart Bell was the originator of Bell s Theorem and a paper concerning the discovery of the Bell-Jackiw-Adler anomaly and was nominated for a Nobel prize.
The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster (which has nine counties in total). Consisting of small divisions separated by dry-stone walls, the fields were farmed for several centuries between 3,500 and 3,000 BC.
Dublin Airport is the busiest of these, In recent years it has opened a pre-screening service allowing passengers to pass through US immigration services before departing from Ireland. Slightly fewer than 4.5 million are estimated to live in the Republic of Ireland and slightly fewer than 1.8 million are estimated to live in Northern Ireland. Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland s geography with several navigable rivers extending inland.
Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, was not neutral during the Second World War and Belfast suffered a bombing raid in1941. There is also a connection between Liverpool and Belfast via the Isle of Man.
Both the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service) and the SD (the Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence service of the SS) sent agents to Ireland. Large-scale emigration marked the 1950s and 1980s but, beginning in 1987, the economy improved and the 1990s saw the beginning of unprecedented economic growth. Notable mathematicians include Sir William Rowan Hamilton, famous for the invention of quaternions.
Prior to the Great Famine, the provinces of Connacht, Munster and Leinster were more or less evenly populated whereas Ulster was far less densely populated than the other three. By 2007, Ireland had become the fifth richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.
The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the Protestant Ascendancy. Abnormal weather conditions, teamed with the arrival of a deadly potato mold from North America, caused the failure of the ubiquitous potato crop. The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples were made. Ireland continued as a patchwork of rival tribes but, beginning in the 7th century AD, a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a High King of Ireland.
The first serious proposal was made in 1897, which was for a tunnel between Ireland and Scotland crossing the North Channel. When de Valera achieved power, he proceeded took advantage of the Statute of Westminister and political circumstances to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government.
Despite being initially blacklisted by the Home Nations associations, the FAI was recognised by FIFA in 1923 and organised its first international fixture in 1926 (against Italy). However, academics now favour a view that emphasises the diffusion of culture from overseas as opposed to a military colonisation.
The population continued to fall until 1961 and it was not until the 2006 census that the last county of Ireland (County Leitrim) to record a rise in population since 1841 did so. The 19th and early 20th century saw the rise of modern Irish nationalism, primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The power-sharing assembly was suspended several times but was restored again in 2007.
atlanticum has recently been established to be native, although for many years it was regarded as an alien species. Because of its mild climate, many species, including sub-tropical species such as palm trees, are grown in Ireland. The re-opening of the Navan-Clonsilla rail link and the Western Rail Corridor are amongst future projects as part of the same plan. Services in Northern Ireland are sparse in comparison to the rest of Ireland or Britain.
Runoff from contaminants into streams, rivers and lakes impact the natural fresh-water ecosystems. A land of green fields for crop cultivation and cattle rearing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species. The Celts were commonly thought to have colonised Ireland in a series of invasions between the 8th and 1st centuries BC.
Cosgrave was a specialist in number theory and discovered a 2000-digit prime number in 1999 and a record composite Fermat number in 2003. Since joining the European Union expanded to included Poland in 2004, Polish people have made up the largest number immigrants (over 150,000) English has been spoken in Ireland since the Middle Ages and, since a language shifts during the nineteenth century, has replaced Irish as the first language vast majority of the population.
These raids added to a pattern of raiding and endemic warfare that was already deep seated in Ireland. On May 1, 1169, an expedition of Cambro-Norman knights with an army of about six-hundred landed at Bannow Strand in present-day County Wexford. Ports in Northern Ireland handle 10 megatons (11 million short tons) of goods trade with Britain annually, while ports in the Republic of Ireland handle 7.6 Mt (8.4 million short tons). Ferry connections between Great Britain and Ireland via the Irish Sea include routes from Swansea to Cork, Fishguard and Pembroke to Rosslare, Holyhead to Dún Laoghaire, Stranraer to Belfast and Cairnryan to Larne.
The total number of species is 574 and can be divided as follows: Rarer species include: The island has been invaded by some algae, some of which are now well established. The Norman rulers and the native Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became Gaelicised.
The vast majority of heavy goods trade is done by sea. The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months.
The largest denomination is the Roman Catholicism representing over 73% for the island (and about 87% The population of Ireland rose rapidly since the 16th century until the mid-19th century. Large wind farms are being constructed in coastal counties such as Donegal, Mayo and Antrim.
Social changes followed quickly on the heels of economic prosperity ranging from the ‘modernization’ of the St. He is largely regarded one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of Boyle s law.
Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds, creating good surf, especially in winter. In addition, Rosslare and Cork run ferries to France. Several (mainly hypothetical) plans to build an Irish Sea tunnel have been proposed.
Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is estimated to be 6.2 million. In some parts, a hybrid Hiberno-Norman culture emerged.
A large railway network was severely curtailed in the 1950s and 1960s. This restructuring was already in progress at the ecclesiastical level since the Synod of Kells in 1152.
Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. Several more Luas lines are planned as well as an Dublin Metro.
Others incorporate multiple cultures in a fusion of styles, such as Afro Celt Sound System and KÃla. Ireland has done well in the Eurovision Song Contest, being the most successful country in the competition with seven wins in the competition. There is also a branch from Coleraine to Portrush. Motorists in Ireland drive on the left.
Historically, land owners developed most roads and later Turnpike Trusts collected tolls so that as early as 1800 Ireland had a 16,100 kilometres (10,000 mi) road network. The first horsecar service in Ireland ran from Clonmel to Thurles and Limerick and was introduce in 1815 by Charles Bianconi. Forests today cover only about 9% (4,450 km² or one million acres) The algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold-temperate variety.
The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s, with Cliftonville F.C. John B.
Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to Longford and south to Navan is a province of Ordovician and Silurian rocks, with similarities to the Southern Uplands province of Scotland. The climate is typically insular and is temperate avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes.
The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare. These can be seen in the ornamentation of medieval religious and secular works.
